{"id":279,"date":"2025-03-23T11:37:18","date_gmt":"2025-03-23T03:37:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/?p=279"},"modified":"2025-03-23T11:37:19","modified_gmt":"2025-03-23T03:37:19","slug":"english-language-pack-for-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/2025\/03\/23\/english-language-pack-for-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"English language pack for biology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Welcome to another ToothlessOS Log! Recently, I have started common core biology courses at college. A week into the course, I realize that the most challenging part is not the content itself. Instead, it is all the terminologies in English!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, I decide to create an English-Chinese dictionary for the terms. Here, I will organize them by themes:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-biological\">Biological macromolecules<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-basics\">Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-carbon-hydrates\">Carbohydrates &#8211; \u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-monosaccharide-mono-single-sacchar-sugar\">monosaccharide &#8211; mono: single, sacchar: sugar &#8211; \u5355\u7cd6<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-polysaccharide-poly-multi-sacchar-sugar\">polysaccharide &#8211; poly: multi, sacchar: sugar &#8211; \u591a\u7cd6<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-lipids\">Lipids &#8211; \u8102\u7c7b<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-proteins\">Proteins &#8211; \u86cb\u767d\u8d28<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-nucl\">Nucleic acids &#8211; \u6838\u9178<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-cell-structure-and\">Cell structure and functions<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-basics\">Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-prokaryotic-cells\">Prokaryotic Cells<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-eukaryotic-cells\">Eukaryotic cells<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-animal-cells\">Animal Cells<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-plant-cells\">Plant Cells<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Reference: <em>Biology: A Global Approach<\/em> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/find.library.duke.edu\/catalog\/DUKE010701458\">Biology : a global approach &#8211; Duke University Libraries Catalog<\/a>; \u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u300a\u666e\u901a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: This page will be consistently updated! (Last: 25-3-23)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-biological\">Biological macromolecules<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-basics\">Basics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>macromolecules &#8211; macro|molecules &#8211; \u5927\u5206\u5b50<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>monomers &#8211; mono: single &#8211; \u5355\u4f53<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>polymers &#8211; poly: multi &#8211; \u805a\u5408\u7269<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dehydration reaction &#8211; \u8131\u6c34\u7f29\u5408<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hydrolysis &#8211; \u6c34\u89e3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-carbon-hydrates\">Carbohydrates &#8211; \u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-monosaccharide-mono-single-sacchar-sugar\">monosaccharide &#8211; mono: single, sacchar: sugar &#8211; \u5355\u7cd6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>aldoses &#8211; aldehyde sugars &#8211; \u919b\u7cd6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ketoses &#8211; ketone sugars &#8211; \u916e\u7cd6<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trioses &#8211; three-carbon sugars<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pentoses &#8211; five-carbon sugars &#8211; examples: ribose (\u6838\u7cd6) \/ deoxyribose (de|oxy|ribose) (\u8131\u6c27\u6838\u7cd6)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hexoses &#8211; six-carbon sugars &#8211; examples: glucose (\u8461\u8404\u7cd6) \/ galactose (\u534a\u4e73\u7cd6) \/ fructose (\u679c\u7cd6)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-polysaccharide-poly-multi-sacchar-sugar\">polysaccharide &#8211; poly: multi, sacchar: sugar &#8211; \u591a\u7cd6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>starch &#8211; \u6dc0\u7c89 &#8211; amylose (\u76f4\u94fe\u6dc0\u7c89), amylopectin (\u652f\u94fe\u6dc0\u7c89)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>glycogen &#8211; \u7cd6\u539f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cellulose &#8211; \u7ea4\u7ef4\u7d20(also unbranched like amylose! \/ Indeed related to cell wall, lol)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chitin &#8211; \u58f3\u8d28<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: the glyco- prefix indicates relationship with sugar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-lipids\">Lipids &#8211; \u8102\u7c7b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>hydrophobic &#8211; hydro|phobic &#8211; \u758f\u6c34\u7684 &#8211; ant: hydrophilic &#8211; hydro|philic &#8211; \u4eb2\u6c34\u7684<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fatty acid &#8211; \u8102\u80aa\u9178<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>glycerol &#8211; \u7518\u6cb9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fat = 3 * fatty acid + 1 * glycerol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>phospholipid &#8211; \u78f7\u8102 (See the following figure: phosphate => \u78f7\u9178\u76d0)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>steroid &#8211; \u7c7b\u56fa\u9187<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cholesterol &#8211; \u80c6\u56fa\u9187<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"507\" src=\"http:\/\/38.246.252.17:8080\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-16-1024x507.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-327\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-16-1024x507.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-16-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-16-768x380.png 768w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-16.png 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-proteins\">Proteins &#8211; \u86cb\u767d\u8d28<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>amino acid &#8211; \u6c28\u57fa\u9178(Monomer)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>polypeptide &#8211; \u591a\u80bd(Polymer)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>peptide bond &#8211; \u80bd\u952e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"673\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/38.246.252.17:8080\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-17-673x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-337\" style=\"width:325px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-17-673x1024.png 673w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-17-197x300.png 197w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-17.png 685w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-nucl\">Nucleic acids &#8211; \u6838\u9178<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-cell-structure-and\">Cell structure and functions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-basics\">Basics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>prokaryotic &#8211; \u539f\u6838<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eukaryotic &#8211; \u771f\u6838<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-prokaryotic-cells\">Prokaryotic Cells<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"558\" src=\"http:\/\/38.246.252.17:8080\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-18-1024x558.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-18-1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-18-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-18-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-18.png 1442w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>fimbriae &#8211; \u83cc\u6bdb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nucleoid &#8211; \u62df\u6838\u533a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>glycocalyx &#8211; \u591a\u7cd6-\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u590d\u5408\u7269\uff08\u8d28\u819c\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flagella &#8211; \u97ad\u6bdb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-eukaryotic-cells\">Eukaryotic cells<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-animal-cells\">Animal Cells<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nucleolus &#8211; \u7ec6\u80de\u6838\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nuclear envelop &#8211; \u6838\u88ab\u819c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nucleolus &#8211; \u6838\u4ec1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chromatin &#8211; \u67d3\u8272\u8d28 => chromosome &#8211; \u67d3\u8272\u4f53 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nuclear pores &#8211; \u6838\u5b54<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>endomembrane system &#8211; \u5185\u819c\u7cfb\u7edf(Note the endo- prefix)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>endoplasmic reticulum (ER) &#8211; \u5185\u8d28\u7f51<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ribosome &#8211; \u6838\u7cd6\u4f53(Note the -some suffix)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Golgi apparatus &#8211; \u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u4f53<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lysosome &#8211; \u6eb6\u9176\u4f53<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>centrosome &#8211; \u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f53<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mitochondrion &#8211; \u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"956\" src=\"http:\/\/38.246.252.17:8080\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-19-1024x956.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-19-1024x956.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-19-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-19-768x717.png 768w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-19.png 1062w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-plant-cells\">Plant Cells<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"967\" src=\"http:\/\/38.246.252.17:8080\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-20-1024x967.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-20-1024x967.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-20-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-20-768x726.png 768w, https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-20.png 1051w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Chloroplast &#8211; \u53f6\u7eff\u4f53<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to another ToothlessOS Log! Recently, I have st [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[34,35,36],"class_list":["post-279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-biology","tag-introductory","tag-terms-vocab"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=279"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":351,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279\/revisions\/351"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toothlessos.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}