Welcome to another ToothlessOS Log! Recently, I have started common core biology courses at college. A week into the course, I realize that the most challenging part is not the content itself. Instead, it is all the terminologies in English!

Therefore, I decide to create an English-Chinese dictionary for the terms. Here, I will organize them by themes:

Reference: Biology: A Global Approach – Biology : a global approach – Duke University Libraries Catalog; 中文翻译参考了《普通生物学》

Note: This page will be consistently updated! (Last: 25-3-23)

Biological macromolecules

Basics

1. macromolecules – macro|molecules – 大分子
2. monomers – mono: single – 单体
3. polymers – poly: multi – 聚合物
4. dehydration reaction – 脱水缩合
5. hydrolysis – 水解

Carbohydrates – 碳水化合物

monosaccharide – mono: single, sacchar: sugar – 单糖

1. aldoses – aldehyde sugars – 醛糖
2. ketoses – ketone sugars – 酮糖
3. trioses – three-carbon sugars
4. pentoses – five-carbon sugars – examples: ribose (核糖) / deoxyribose (de|oxy|ribose) (脱氧核糖)
5. hexoses – six-carbon sugars – examples: glucose (葡萄糖) / galactose (半乳糖) / fructose (果糖)

polysaccharide – poly: multi, sacchar: sugar – 多糖

1. starch – 淀粉 – amylose (直链淀粉), amylopectin (支链淀粉)
2. glycogen – 糖原
3. cellulose – 纤维素(also unbranched like amylose! / Indeed related to cell wall, lol)
4. chitin – 壳质

Note: the glyco- prefix indicates relationship with sugar

Lipids – 脂类

1. hydrophobic – hydro|phobic – 疏水的 – ant: hydrophilic – hydro|philic – 亲水的
2. fatty acid – 脂肪酸
3. glycerol – 甘油
4. fat = 3 * fatty acid + 1 * glycerol
5. phospholipid – 磷脂 (See the following figure: phosphate => 磷酸盐)
6. steroid – 类固醇
7. cholesterol – 胆固醇

Proteins – 蛋白质

1. amino acid – 氨基酸(Monomer)
2. polypeptide – 多肽(Polymer)
3. peptide bond – 肽键

Nucleic acids – 核酸

Cell structure and functions

Basics

1. prokaryotic – 原核
2. eukaryotic – 真核

Prokaryotic Cells

1. fimbriae – 菌毛
2. nucleoid – 拟核区
3. glycocalyx – 多糖-蛋白质复合物（质膜）
4. Flagella – 鞭毛

Eukaryotic cells

Animal Cells

1. nucleolus – 细胞核
   • nuclear envelop – 核被膜
   • nucleolus – 核仁
   • chromatin – 染色质 => chromosome – 染色体
   • nuclear pores – 核孔
2. endomembrane system – 内膜系统(Note the endo- prefix)
3. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – 内质网
4. ribosome – 核糖体(Note the -some suffix)
5. Golgi apparatus – 高尔基体
6. lysosome – 溶酶体
7. centrosome – 中心体
8. mitochondrion – 线粒体

Plant Cells

1. Chloroplast – 叶绿体